Chlamydia felis causes conjunctivitis in cats that generally responds readily to antimicrobial treatment. Immunity induced by vaccination is probably of short duration and the vaccine provides only incomplete protection. The use of this vaccine could be considered for cats entering a population of cats where infection is known to be endemic.
The C. This is a modified live intranasal vaccine. Bordetella bronchiseptica is primarily a problem of very young kittens, where it can cause severe lower respiratory tract disease. It appears to be uncommon in adult cats and pet cats in general. The vaccine could be considered for young cats at high risk of exposure in large, multiple cat environments. The FIP vaccine is an intranasal modified live virus product. The efficacy of this vaccine is controversial, and duration of immunity may be short, although the vaccine appears to be safe.
Although exposure to feline coronaviruses in cat populations is high, the incidence of FIP is very low, especially in single-cat households where it is 1 in Most cats in cattery situations where FIP is a problem become infected with coronaviruses prior to 16 weeks of age, which is the age at which vaccination is first recommended. Vaccination could be considered for seronegative cats entering a cattery where FIP is common.
We do not routinely recommend vaccinating household cats with the FIP vaccine, and the vaccine is not stocked by our drug room. Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats. J Small Anim Pract. Elston T and Rodan I. Feline Vaccination Guidelines. J Am Vet Med Assoc.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. Comparative vaccine-specific and other injectable-specific risks of injection-site sarcomas in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc ; Feline leukemia virus immunity induced by whole inactivated vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Epub ahead of print. What You Should Know About Vaccination: a client brochure that emphasizes the importance of vaccines while explaining the factors veterinarians consider when making customized vaccine recommendations.
Difficulties in demonstrating long term immunity in FeLV vaccinated cats due to increasing age-related resistance to infection. BMC Vet Res ; Canine and Feline Vaccination Guidelines. Home Canine and Feline Vaccination Guidelines. Canine Vaccination Guidelines Canine Core Vaccines Core vaccines are recommended for all puppies and dogs with an unknown vaccination history.
Canine Rabies Virus Vaccines In accordance with California state law, we recommend that puppies receive a single dose of killed rabies vaccine at 12 weeks or 3 months of age. Canine Leptospira Vaccines Multiple leptospiral serovars are capable of causing disease in dogs, and minimal cross-protection is induced by each serovar. Canine Non-Core Vaccines Non-core vaccines are optional vaccines that should be considered in light of the exposure risk of the animal, ie.
Canine Parainfluenza Virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica These are both agents associated with 'kennel cough' or canine infectious respiratory disease complex CIRDC in dogs. Hence, retrovirus infections across Canada appear to be slightly more common than in the United States. Infection with FIV is more frequent than infection with FeLV, co-infection is relatively uncommon, and factors such as sample origin, cat sex, and outdoor access, appear to influence infection rates.
At-risk cats: sick cats, cats with bite wounds or oral disease, cats with known exposure to a retrovirus-infected cat, cats in multi-cat environments where the status of all cats is not known, cats entering shelters or rescue organizations. Ideally, all cats should have confirmatory testing performed to ensure negative status. However, when funds are limited, confirmatory testing should be focused on sick cats and cats with other risk factors, such as bite wounds. Cats that are otherwise healthy may not undergo confirmatory testing as long as the client is informed about the small risk of a false negative test result in a healthy cat.
Although FeLV retesting alone can be performed in a minimum of 30 d, it is more practical and cost-effective to retest for both viruses in a minimum of 60 d with patient-side or referral laboratory ELISA. Cats at ongoing risk of infection e. Preventing exposure of healthy cats to FeLV-infected cats by test and removal or isolation is an important way to prevent spread of the disease and is not replaced by vaccination as a control method Serological diagnosis of FeLV relies on detection of the core antigen p27 in peripheral blood using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA , either as a patient-side kit or at a referral laboratory.
Tests performed on tears or saliva are less reliable and are not recommended. Confirmatory testing for cats with positive test results is strongly recommended. Virus culture is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of FeLV infection, but is not available in Canada.
A second soluble antigen test can be performed, preferably using a test from a different manufacturer Table 2 , to increase the positive predictive value reduce the risk of false positive results Immunofluorescent antibody IFA tests available from referral laboratories detect p27 antigen within infected leukocytes or platelets, and are recommended as confirmatory tests.
Immunofluorescent antibody tests do not detect infection until secondary viremia has occurred with infection of bone marrow 6 to 8 wk after initial infection. Discordant results may be due to the stage of infection, the variability of host responses, or technical problems with testing. The status of the cat with discordant results may eventually become clear by repeating both tests in 60 d and yearly thereafter until the test results agree. Cats with discordant test results are best considered as potential sources of infection for other cats.
Polymerase chain reaction detects viral DNA sequences and can be performed on blood, bone marrow, saliva, and tissues Real-time PCR assays quantify viral copy number and are therefore sensitive for detection of regressive infection, but may not be commercially available However, information regarding sensitivity and specificity of specific PCR assays offered by commercial laboratories is frequently unavailable, limiting their utility until such test characteristics are established.
Kittens can be tested for FeLV at any age, as passively acquired maternal antibody does not interfere with testing for viral antigen. Newborn kittens infected from an FeLV-positive queen may not test positive for weeks to months after birth.
Feline leukemia virus can be transmitted to kittens via various routes from infected queens in utero, via saliva during grooming, via milk , although precise data on frequency are not available While it may be tempting to test only a queen and not her kittens in an attempt to conserve resources in shelter or rescue settings, it is inappropriate to test one cat as a representative for others as it may lead to erroneous assumptions about infection status.
Even young kittens may be exposed to cats other than their mother; for example, stray and feral queens often share mothering of kittens. If a queen or any one of her litter of kittens tests FeLV-positive, all should be considered potentially infected and isolated, with follow-up testing to resolve status.
If a queen or 1 kitten in a litter tests negative, it cannot be guaranteed that the others are also negative. Shelters sometimes test pooled blood samples from litters of kittens in order to save money; this method cannot be recommended as its reliability is unknown.
Testing for FeLV infection is not generally compromised by vaccination. However, blood collected immediately following vaccination may contain detectable FeLV antigens from the vaccine, so samples should be collected prior to FeLV vaccination It is not known how long this test interference persists.
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection and antibodies to the virus persist for life. Hence, the most common method for diagnosis of FIV infection is screening for antibodies typically against p24 and p15 using an ELISA, either with a patient-side kit or at a referral laboratory.
Most cats will produce antibodies to FIV within 60 d of exposure, but the time to seroconversion can be longer. Confirmatory testing for cats with positive test results is strongly recommended, especially for low-risk cats. Although virus culture is considered the gold standard for FIV infection, it is not readily available in Canada.
A different soluble antibody test has been recommended as a confirmatory test 1 , but as of this writing, only one patient-side FIV antibody test was commercially available in Canada. Western blot and immunofluorescent antibody assays are available in Canada; they detect antibodies against an increased number of viral antigens and are suggested as confirmatory tests in seropositive cats with no history of FIV vaccination.
As for FeLV, it is inappropriate to test a queen as a representative for her kittens, to test 1 kitten in a litter as a representative of its litter mates, or to test pooled samples from litters of kittens. Feline immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted to kittens via various routes from infected queens in utero, in birth fluids during labor and delivery, via milk 21 , Experimental evidence suggests that not all kittens in a litter will acquire infection in utero from an FIV-infected queen 22 — When the pregnant queen is acutely infected and has a high viral load, most of the kittens will become infected.
However, when the pregnant queen is chronically infected and healthy with a low viral load, few kittens will become infected. Vaccinated cats produce antibodies that cannot be distinguished from antibodies due to natural infection using currently available tests Antibodies due to vaccination persist for more than 1 y, and possibly for more than 4 y 1 , In addition, kittens born to naturally infected queens, or queens vaccinated against FIV, may acquire FIV antibodies in colostrum.
In another study, passively acquired antibodies in 5 kittens from infected queens declined to undetectable levels only by 17 wk of age It is uncommon for kittens to acquire FIV infection, and most kittens that initially test positive are not truly infected and will test negative when re-evaluated, especially at or over 6 mo of age.
Kittens over 6 mo of age with FIV antibodies are more likely to be infected. Due to concerns regarding detection of passively acquired FIV antibodies, it is tempting to delay testing kittens for FIV until after 6 mo of age.
Since they are a low risk group, most kittens test negative and can then be reliably considered clear of infection. However, infected kittens could be a source of infection for other cats if they are not identified and isolated. Compliance of both owners and veterinarians with retroviral testing recommendations was low in 1 published study.
Because of this, delaying testing of newly acquired kittens would potentially result in many cats never being tested for FIV Hence, kittens should be tested for FIV at the first opportunity.
Read article at publisher's site DOI : NPJ Vaccines , , 30 Apr Sahay B , Yamamoto JK. Viruses , 10 5 , 22 May Viruses , 10 4 , 20 Apr J Virol , 92 9 , 13 Apr Free to read.
Vet Sci , 4 1 , 28 Jan To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. Cited by: 1 article PMID: J Virol , 79 3 , 01 Feb Aust Vet J , 82 12 , 01 Dec Cited by: 0 articles PMID: Hosie MJ , Jarrett O. Adv Vet Med , , 01 Jan Cited by: 3 articles PMID: Lecollinet S , Richardson J. Following the vigorous challenge exposure, cats were monitored for FIV viremia. The safety of the vaccine was demonstrated by a field safety trial in which only 22 mild reactions of short duration were observed following administering doses of two pre-licensing serials of Fel-O-Vax FIV to cats of various breeds, ages and vaccination histories.
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